Списък на темите в Анатомията на Грей: II. Остеология

Темите (17-67) по-долу са покрити в глава II^-ра: Остеология от Анатомията на Грей (версия от 1918 г.)

Въведение (Тема 17)

Страница 79

• classes
  • Long bones
    • body, or diaphysis
    • medullary canal
    • epiphyses
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
    • tables of the skull
    • vitreous table

Страница 80

• classes
  • Flat bones
    • diploë
  • Irregular bones
• Surfaces of bones
  • articular eminences
  • articular depressions
  • non-articular eminences
    • tuberosity, protuberance, or process
    • tubercle
    • spine
    • ridge, crest, or line
  • non-articular depressions
    • fossæ, pits, depressions, grooves, furrows, fissures, notches
  • perforation/passage
    • foramen
    • canal

Development of the skeleton

Страница 80

• Скелет
  • Аксиален скелет
  • appendicular skeleton
• Гръбначен стълб
  • Сомит
  • intersegmental septa
  • myocœl
  • Дерматом
  • Миотом
  • Склеротом
  • sclerotogenous layer

Страница 81

• Vertebral column
  • membranous vertebral column

Страница 82

• Vertebral column
  • cartilaginous vertebral column
  • hypochordal bar or brace
  • nucleus pulposus
• Ribs
  • primitive costal arches

Страница 83

• Sternum
  • sternal plate
• Skull

Страница 84

• Череп
  • membranous cranium
  • chondrocranium
  • chordal or vertebral portion
  • prechordal or prevertebral portion
  • trabeculae cranii
  • parachordal cartilages

Страница 85

• • cartilaginous ear-capsules
  • trabeculae cranii
  • ethmoidal plate
  • dermal or covering bones

Bone (Тема 18)

Страница 86

• Structure and Physical Properties
  • compact tissue
  • cancellous tissue

Страница 87

• medullary mem
• Periosteum
  • granular corpuscles or osteoblasts
• Marrow

Страница 88

• Marrow
  • myelocytes
  • erythroblasts or normoblasts
  • Giant cells (myeloplaxes, osteoclasts)
  • Howship's foveolæ
• Vessels and Nerves of Bone
  • blood vessels
  • medullary artery or nutrient artery

Страница 89

• Vessels and Nerves of Bone
  • Вени
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Нерви
• Minute Anatomy
  • Haversian systems
  • Haversian canal
  • lamellæ
  • lacunæ
  • canaliculi
  • interstitial lamellæ
  • circumferential lamellæ

Страница 90

• Minute Anatomy
  • primary or fundamental lamellæ
  • secondary or special lamellæ
  • Haversian canals
  • lamellæ
  • perforating fibers
  • Lacunæ

Страница 91

• Minute Anatomy
  • bone-cell
  • bone-corpuscle
  • Canaliculi
  • bone cells
• Ossification
  • intramembranous ossification

Страница 92

• Ossification
  • intramembranous ossification
    • osteoblasts
    • Osteogenetic fibers

Страница 93

• Ossification
  • intercartilaginous ossification
    • epiphysial cartilage
    • center of ossification
    • primary areolæ
    • perichondrium

Страница 94

• Ossification
  • osteoblasts, or bone-formers
  • osteoclasts, or bone-destroyers
  • secondary areolæ or medullary spaces

Страница 95

• Ossification
  • Епифиза
    • pressure epiphyses
    • traction epiphyses
    • atavistic epiphyses

The vertebral column (Тема 19)

Страница 96

• Columna Vertebralis; Spinal column

General characteristics of a vertebra (Тема 20)

Страница 96

• typical vertebra
• vertebral foramen
• intervertebral foramina
• body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)

Страница 97

• body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)
• vertebral arch or neural arch (posterior part)
  • pedicle of vertebral arch (radices arci vertebræ)
    • vertebral notches
  • lamina of the vertebral arch
• processes of vertebra
  • 1 Spinous process (processus spinosus)
  • 4 Articular processes
  • 2 Transverse processes (processus transversi)

The cervical vertebrae (Тема 21)

Страница 97

• cervical vertebræ
  • body
  • anterior surface
  • posterior surface

Страница 98

• upper surface
• lower surface
• pedicles
• laminae
• vertebral foramen
• spinous process
• superior articular process
• inferior articular process
• transverse processes
• foramen transversarium
• costal process or costal element
• anterior tubercle
• posterior tubercle

Страница 99

• First cervical vertebra (atlas)
  • anterior arch
  • anterior tubercle
  • posterior arch
  • posterior tubercle
  • fovea dentis
  • dens (anatomy)
  • sulcus arteriae vertebralis
  • inferior vertebral notches
  • lateral masses
  • superior facets

Страница 100

• First cervical vertebra (atlas)
  • inferior articular facets
  • transverse processes
• second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
  • body
  • dens or odontoid process
  • apex

Страница 101

• second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
  • pedicles
  • laminae
  • transverse processes
  • superior articular surfaces
  • inferior articular surfaces
  • superior vertebral notches
  • inferior vertebral notches
  • spinous process
• Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens)
  • transverse processes

Страница 102

• Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens)
  • cervical rib

The thoracic vertebrae (Тема 22)

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• thoracic vertebræ

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• First thoracic vertebra
• Ninth thoracic vertebra
• Tenth thoracic vertebra
• Eleventh thoracic vertebra
• Twelfth thoracic vertebra

The lumbar vertebrae (Тема 23)

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• lumbar vertebræ

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• tubercles
  • mammillary process
  • accessory process
• Fifth lumbar vertebra

The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae (Тема 24)

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• Sacrum (os sacrum)
  • sacrovertebral angle
• Pelvic surface of sacrum (facies pelvina)
  • transverse ridges
  • anterior sacral foramina
  • lateral parts of the sacrum

Страница 107

• Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)
  • middle sacral crest
  • sacral groove
  • sacral articular crests

Страница 108

• Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)
  • sacral cornua
  • posterior sacral foramina
  • lateral crests
• Lateral surface of sacrum
  • auricular surface
  • sacral tuberosity
  • inferior lateral angle
• base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)

Страница 110

• base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)
  • ala of sacrum
• Apex of the sacrum (apex oss. sacri)
• Vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacral canal)

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• Differences in the Sacrum of the Male and Female
• Coccyx (os coccygis)
  • coccygeal cornua
• Ossification of the Vertebral column

Страница 112

• neurocentral synchondroses

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• Ossification of the Vertebral column

The vertebral column as a whole (Тема 25)

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• Curves of vertebral column

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• Posterior surface
• vertebral groove
• Lateral surfaces

The thorax (Тема 26)

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• thorax or chest

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• Thorax: boundaries of:
• Thorax: skeleton of:
• upper opening of the thorax

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• lower opening of the thorax
• subcostal angle

The sternum (Тема 27)

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• sternum (breast bone)

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• Manubrium (manubrium sterni)
  • jugular notch or presternal notch
• Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)

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• Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)
  • sternal foramen
  • sternal angle (angulus Ludovici)
• Xiphoid process (processus xiphoideus; ensiform or xiphoid appendix)

Страница 123

• fissura sterni

The ribs (Тема 28)

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• ribs (Costæ)
  • true ribs or vertebro-sternal ribs
  • false ribs
  • vertebro-chondral ribs
  • floating ribs or vertebral ribs
  • intercostal spaces
• Common Characteristics of the Ribs
• Posterior Extremity
  • crista colli costœ

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• Posterior Extremity
  • head of rib
  • neck of rib
  • tubercle of rib
    • articular portion
    • non-articular portion
• body or shaft
  • angle
  • costal groove

Страница 125

• Anterior extremity or sternal extremity
• Peculiar ribs
  • First rib
    • scalene tubercle
  • Second rib

Страница 126

• Peculiar ribs
  • Tenth rib
  • Eleventh rib and Twelfth rib

The costal cartilages (Тема 29)

Страница 127

• costal cartilages (Cartilagines Costales)

The skull (Тема 30)

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• skull
• cranium
• skeleton of the face

The cranial bones

The occipital bone (Тема 31)

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• occipital bone
• foramen magnum
• squama (squama occipitalis)
  • external surface
    • external occipital protuberance
    • highest nuchal line

Страница 130

• squama (squama occipitalis)
  • external surface
    • superior nuchal line
    • planum occipitale
    • planum nuchale
    • median nuchal line
    • inferior nuchal line
  • internal surface
    • cruciate eminence
    • internal occipital protuberance

Страница 131

• squama (squama occipitalis)
  • internal surface
    • sagittal sulcus
    • internal occipital crest
    • vermian fossa
    • confluence of the sinuses
• Lateral parts of occipital bone (pars lateralis)
  • under surfaces of the lateral part
    • condyles
    • hypoglossal canal (anterior condyloid foramen)
    • condyloid fossa
    • condyloid canal
    • jugular process
    • jugular notch
    • intrajugular process
    • paramastoid process
  • upper surface of the lateral part
    • jugular tubercle

Страница 132

• Basilar part of occipital bone (pars basilaris)
  • pharyngeal tubercle
• Foramen magnum
• Angles
  • superior angle
  • posterior fontanelle
  • inferior angle
  • lateral angles
• Borders
  • superior borders
  • lambdoidal suture
  • inferior borders
• Ossification of occipital bone

The parietal bone (Тема 32)

Страница 133

• external surface
  • parietal eminence (tuber parietale)

Страница 134

• external surface
  • superior temporal line and inferior temporal line
  • parietal foramen
• internal surface
  • sagittal sulcus
  • arachnoid granulations (Pacchionian bodies)
• Borders
  • sagittal border
  • squamous border

Страница 135

• Borders
  • coronal suture
  • occipital border
  • lambdoidal suture
• Angles
  • frontal angle
  • bregma
  • anterior fontanelle
  • sphenoidal angle
  • occipital angle
  • lambda
  • posterior fontanelle
  • mastoid angle
  • asterion

The frontal bone (Тема 33)

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• Squama (squama frontalis)
  • metopic suture
  • frontal eminence (tuber frontale)
  • superciliary arches
  • glabella
  • supraorbital margin

Страница 136

• Squama (squama frontalis)
  • supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen
  • zygomatic process
  • temporal line
  • upper temporal line and lower temporal line
  • nasal part
  • nasal notch
  • nasion
  • nasal process
  • spine of squama
  • sagittal sulcus
  • frontal crest

Страница 137

• Squama (squama frontalis)
  • foramen cecum
• Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis)
  • orbital plates
  • ethmoidal notch
  • lacrimal fossa
  • fovea trochlearis
  • trochlear spine
  • ethmoidal notch
  • anterior ethmoidal canal

Страница 138

• Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis)
  • posterior ethmoidal canal
  • frontal air sinuses
  • frontonasal duct
• border of the squama
• posterior borders of the orbital plates
• Ossification of frontal bone

The temporal bone (Тема 34)

Страница 138

• temporal bone

Страница 139

• Squama (squama temporalis)
  • temporal line, or supramastoid crest
  • zygomatic process
  • anterior root and posterior root
  • articular tubercle (eminentia articularis)

Страница 140

• Squama (squama temporalis)
  • suprameatal triangle, or mastoid fossa
  • mandibular fossa (glenoid fossa)
  • petrotympanic fissure (Glaserian fissure)

Страница 141

• parietal notch
• antero-inferior border
• Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea)
  • mastoid foramen
  • mastoid process
  • mastoid notch (digastric fossa)
  • occipital groove

Страница 142

• Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea)
  • sigmoid sulcus
  • mastoid cells
  • tympanic antrum
  • tegmen tympani
  • attic or epitympanic recess
• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
  • petrosquamous suture
  • eminence (eminentia arcuata)
  • tegmen tympani
  • hiatus of the facial canal

Страница 143

• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
  • Trigeminal impression
  • posterior surface
    • Internal acoustic meatus
    • Crista falciformis
    • Area cribrosa media
    • Foramen singulare
    • Tractus spiralis foraminosus
    • Canalis centralis cochleœ
    • Area cribrosa superior
    • Area facialis
    • Aquæductus Fallopii
    • Aquæductus vestibuli
    • Subarcuate fossa
  • inferior surface
    • Carotid canal

Страница 144

• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
  • inferior surface
    • aquæductus cochleæ
    • jugular fossa
    • inferior tympanic canaliculus
    • mastoid canaliculus
    • jugular surface
    • vaginal process
    • styloid process
    • stylomastoid foramen
  • angles
    • superior angle
    • posterior angle
    • jugular fossa

Страница 145

• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
  • angles
    • jugular foramen
    • anterior angle
    • petrosquamous suture
    • septum canalis musculotubarii (processus cochleariformis)
• Tympanic part (pars tympanica)
  • tympanic sulcus
  • antero-inferior surface
  • vaginal process
  • foramen of Huschke
  • external acoustic meatus
  • suprameatal spine
• Styloid process (processus styloideus)
• Ossification of temporal bone

Страница 146

• Ossification of temporal bone
  • Proötic center of temporal bone
  • Pterotic center of temporal bone
  • Epiotic center of temporal bone
  • tympanic ring

The sphenoid bone (Тема 35)

Страница 147

• body of sphenoid bone
• sphenoidal air sinuses
• superior surface of sphenoid
  • ethmoidal spine
  • chiasmatic groove (optic groove)
  • optic foramen
  • tuberculum sellæ
  • sella turcica
  • fossa hypophyseos
  • middle clinoid processes
  • dorsum sellæ
  • posterior clinoid processes
  • petrosal process

Страница 148

• superior surface of sphenoid
  • clivus
• lateral surfaces of sphenoid
  • carotid groove
  • lingula
• posterior surface of sphenoid

Страница 149

• anterior surface of sphenoid
  • sphenoidal crest
  • sphenoidal air sinus
  • sphenoidal conchæ
• inferior surface of sphenoid
• sphenoidal rostrum
• vaginal process
• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)

Страница 150

• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
  • spina angularis (sphenoidal spine)
  • foramen rotundum
  • foramen ovale
  • foramen Vesalii
  • foramen spinosum
  • infratemporal crest
  • sulcus tubæ

Страница 151

• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
  • pterion
• Small wings (alæ parvæ)
  • orbito-sphenoids
• Surfaces
  • superior orbital fissure
• Borders
  • anterior clinoid process
  • optic foramen
• Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)
  • pterygopalatine groove
  • pterygoid fissure
  • pterygoid fossa
  • scaphoid fossa
  • lateral pterygoid plate
  • Medial pterygoid plate
  • pterygoid hamulus
  • vaginal process

Страница 152

• Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)
  • pterygoid tubercle
  • processus tubarius
• Sphenoidal conchæ (conchæ sphenoidales; sphenoidal turbinated processes)

ethmoid bone (Тема 36)

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• Cribiform plate (lamina cribrosa; horizontal lamina)
  • crista galli
  • alæ

Страница 154

• Perpendicular plate (lamina perpendicularis; vertical plate)
• Labyrinth or Lateral mass (labyrinthus ethmoidalis)
  • ethmoidal cells
• Surfaces
  • upper surface
    • anterior and posterior ethmoidal canals
  • posterior surface

Страница 155

• Surfaces
  • lateral surface
    • lamina papyracea (os planum)
    • uncinate process

Страница 156

• Surfaces
  • medial surface
    • middle nasal concha
    • superior meatus
    • superior nasal concha
    • middle meatus of the nose
    • infundibulum
• sutural or Wormian bones

The facial bones

The nasal bones (Тема 37)

Страница 156

• nasal bones

The maxillæ (upper jaw) (Тема 38)

Страница 157

• maxillæ

Страница 158

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
  • maxillary sinus (antrum of Highmore)
  • Surfaces
    • anterior surface of the body of the maxilla
      • incisive fossa
      • canine fossa
      • canine eminence
      • infraorbital foramen
      • nasal notch
      • anterior nasal spine
    • infratemporal surface of the body of the maxilla
      • alveolar canals
      • maxillary tuberosity

Страница 159

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
  • Surfaces
    • orbital surface of the body of the maxilla
      • lacrimal notch
      • infraorbital groove
      • infraorbital canal

Страница 160

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
  • Surfaces
    • nasal surface of the body of the maxilla
      • pterygopalatine canal
      • lacrimal groove
      • conchal crest

• Maxillary sinus or Antrum of Highmore (sinus maxillaris)

Страница 161

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
  • alveolar canals
• Zygomatic process (processus zygomaticus; malar process)
• Frontal process (processus frontalis; nasal process)
  • ethmoidal crest
  • agger nasi
  • lacrimal fossa
  • anterior lacrimal crest
  • lacrimal tubercle
• Alveolar process (processus alveolaris)
  • alveolar arch
  • alveolar point

Страница 162

• Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
  • incisive foramen
  • incisive canals
  • foramina of Stenson
  • foramina of Scarpa
  • premaxilla (os incisivum)

Страница 163

• Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
  • nasal crest
  • incisor crest
  • anterior nasal spine
• Ossification of maxilla

The lacrimal bone (Тема 39)

Страница 163

• lacrimal bone

Страница 164

• posterior lacrimal crest
• lacrimal sulcus (sulcus lacrimalis)
• lacrimal hamulus
• lesser lacrimal bone

The zygomatic bone (Тема 40)

Страница 164

• Surfaces
  • malar surface
    • zygomaticofacial foramen
  • temporal surface
    • zygomaticotemporal foramen

• Processes
  • frontosphenoidal process

Страница 165

• Processes
  • orbital process
    • zygomaticoörbital foramina

Страница 166

• Processes
  • maxillary process
  • temporal process

• Borders
  • antero-superior border or orbital border
  • antero-inferior border or maxillary border
  • postero-superior border or temporal border
  • postero-inferior border or zygomatic border

• Ossification of zygomatic bone

• Articulations

The palatine bone (Тема 41)

Страница 166

• pterygopalatine fossa and pterygoid fossa
• inferior orbital fissure

Страница 167

• Horizontal part of palatine bone (pars horizontalis; horizontal plate of palatine bone)
  • posterior nasal spine
• Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone)
  • conchal crest
  • ethmoidal crest

Страница 168

• Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone)
  • pterygopalatine canal
  • maxillary process
  • sphenopalatine notch
  • sphenopalatine foramen
• processes
  • Pyramidal process of palatine bone or Tuberosity (processus pyramidalis)
  • Orbital process of palatine bone (processus orbitalis)

Страница 169

• processes
  • Sphenoidal process of palatine bone (processus sphenoidalis)
• sphenopalatine notch
• Ossification of sphenoid

The inferior nasal concha (Тема 42)

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• inferior nasal concha
• lacrimal process
• ethmoidal process
• maxillary process

The vomer (Тема 43)

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• nasopalatine groove

Страница 171

• ethmovomerine cartilage

The mandible (lower jaw) (Тема 44)

Страница 172

• Body of mandible (corpus mandibulae)
  • external surface of mandible
    • symphysis menti
    • mental protuberance
    • mental tubercle
    • incisive fossa
    • mental foramen
    • oblique line
  • internal surface of mandible
    • mental spines

Страница 173

• Body of mandible (corpus mandibulae)
  • internal surface of mandible
    • mylohyoid line
• Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)
  • mandibular foramen
  • lingula mandibulae
  • mylohyoid groove
  • mandibular canal

Страница 174

• Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)
  • angle of the mandible
  • Coronoid process (processus coronoideus)
  • Condyloid process (processus condyloideus)
    • condyle of condyloid process
    • neck of condyloid process
  • mandibular notch

Страница 175

• articulations of mandible
• Changes produced in the mandible by age
• Ossification of the mandible

The hyoid bone (Тема 45)

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• Basihyal of hyoid bone

Страница 178

• Greater Cornua or Thyrohyals (cornua majora)
• Lesser Cornua or Ceratohyals (cornua minora)

The exterior of the skull (Тема 46)

Norma verticalis

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• Norma verticalis
• coronal sutures
• sagittal sutures
• lambdoidal suture
• bregma
• lambda
• parietal eminence and parietal foramen
• obelion
• glabella
• superciliary arches
• frontal eminences
• frontal suture
• temporal lines

Norma basalis

Страница 179

• Norma basalis

Страница 180

• incisive foramen
• incisive canals (foramina of Stenson)
• foramina of Scarpa
• greater palatine foramen
• pyramidal process of the palatine bone
• lesser palatine foramina
• posterior nasal spine
• choanæ
• pharyngeal canals
• pterygoid canal
• scaphoid fossa
• hamulus
• pharyngeal tubercle
• foramen ovale
• foramen spinosum
• spina angularis (sphenoidal spine)
• mandibular fossa
• petrotympanic fissure
• articular tubercle

Страница 181

• styloid process
• stylomastoid foramen
• tympanomastoid fissure
• mastoid notch
• occipital groove
• foramen lacerum
• pterygoid canal
• carotid canal
• sulcus tubæ auditivæ
• petrosphenoidal fissure
• carotid canal
• aquæductus cochleæ
• jugular foramen
• inferior tympanic canaliculus
• mastoid canaliculus
• petroöccipital fissure
• foramen magnum
• jugular process
• basion
• opisthion
• condyloid fossa

Страница 182

• median nuchal line
• external occipital protuberance
• superior nuchal line and inferior nuchal line

Norma lateralis

Страница 182

• Norma lateralis
• zygomaticotemporal suture
• zygomaticofrontal suture
• sphenozygomatic suture
• sphenofrontal suture
• sphenoparietal suture
• sphenosquamosal suture
• pterion

Страница 183

• squamosal suture
• parietomastoid suture
• coronal suture and lambdoidal suture
• occipitomastoid suture
• mastoid foramen
• asterion
• superciliary arch
• frontal eminence
• parietal eminence
• external occipital protuberance
• temporal lines
• Temporal fossa (fossa temporalis)
• stephanion
• zygomaticotemporal foramen
• infratemporal crest
• inferior orbital fissure or sphenomaxillary fissure
• zygomatic arch
• external acoustic meatus
• suprameatal triangle
• suprameatal spine
• mandibular fossa

Страница 184

• Infratemporal fossa (fossa infratemporalis; zygomatic fossa)
• zygomatic arch
• foramen ovale and foramen spinosum
• alveolar canals
• inferior orbital fissure (fissura orbitalis inferior; sphenomaxillary fissure)

Страница 185

• pterygomaxillary fissure
• Pterygopalatine fossa (fossa pterygopalatina; sphenomaxillary fossa)
• foramen rotundum
• pterygoid canal
• pharyngeal canal
• sphenopalatine foramen
• pterygopalatine canal

Norma occipitalis

Страница 185

• Norma occipitalis
• sagittal suture
• lambdoidal suture
• parietomastoid suture
• occipitomastoid suture
• external occipital protuberance or inion
• planum occipitale
• planum nuchale
• mastoid foramen

Norma frontalis

Страница 185

• Norma frontalis
• anterior nasal aperture

Страница 186

• frontal eminences
• superciliary arches
• glabella
• frontal suture
• nasion
• supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen

Страница 187

• anterior nasal spine
• infraorbital foramen
• zygomaticofacial foramen

Страница 188

• incisive fossa
• mental foramen

Orbits

Страница 188

• Orbits (orbitæ)
• roof of orbit
  • trochlear fovea
  • lacrimal fossa
• floor of orbit
  • infraorbital groove

Страница 189

• medial wall
  • lacrimal groove
  • posterior lacrimal crest
  • dacryon
  • anterior ethmoidal foramen
  • posterior ethmoidal foramen
• lateral wall
  • superior orbital fissure
  • inferior orbital fissure
• base of the orbit
  • supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen
• apex of orbit

The interior of the skull (Тема 47)

Страница 189

• Inner Surface of the Skull-cap

Страница 190

• Skull: upper surface of base of:
• Skull: fossa of:

• Anterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii anterior)
  • Frontoethmoidal suture
  • Sphenoethmoidal suture
  • sphenofrontal suture
  • frontal crest
  • foramen cecum
  • crista galli
  • olfactory groove
  • anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
  • ethmoidal spine

• Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
  • squamosal suture
  • sphenoparietal suture
  • sphenosquamosal suture
  • sphenopetrosal suture

Страница 191

• Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
  • carotid groove

Страница 192

• Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
  • lingula
  • superior orbital fissure
  • foramen rotundum
  • foramen ovale
  • foramen Vesalii
  • foramen spinosum
  • foramen lacerum
  • hiatus of the facial canal

• Posterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii posterior)
  • occipitomastoid suture
  • parietomastoid suture
  • foramen magnum

Страница 193

• Posterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii posterior)
  • petro-occipital fissure
  • jugular foramen
  • internal acoustic meatus
  • inferior occipital fossæ
  • internal occipital crest
  • transverse sinuses
  • mastoid foramen
  • condyloid canal

Страница 194

• Nasal cavity (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)
  • roof of nasal cavity
  • floor of nasal cavity
  • medial wall (septum nasi)

Страница 195

• Nasal cavity (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)
  • lateral wall
    • superior meatus
    • sphenopalatine foramen
    • posterior ethmoidal cells
    • sphenoethmoidal recess
    • middle meatus
    • hiatus semilunaris
    • bulla ethmoidalis
    • infundibulum
    • frontonasal duct
    • ostium maxillare
    • inferior meatus

Страница 196

• Anterior nasal aperture
  • choanæ
• Fontanelles
  • anterior fontanelle (bregmatic fontanelle)
  • posterior fontanelle
  • lateral fontanelles

Страница 197

• Skull: sexual differences in:
• Craniology

Страница 198

• The Points in the Median plane
• The Points on Either Side of the Median plane

Страница 199

• Cleft palate
• Endognathion
• Mesognathion

The extremities (Тема 48)

The bones of the upper extremity

The clavicle (Тема 49)

Страница 200

• (Ossa Extremitatis Superioris) & (Clavicula; Collar bone)
• clavicle
• coracoid tuberosity (conoid tubercle)
• oblique or trapezoid ridge

Страница 202

• costal tuberosity (rhomboid impression)
• subclavian groove
• Sternal extremity (extremitas sternalis; internal extremity)
• Acromial extremity (extremitas acromialis; outer extremity)

The scapula/Shoulder blade (Тема 50)

Страница 202

• Surfaces
  • subscapular fossa

Страница 203

• Surfaces
  • subscapular angle
  • supraspinatous fossa
  • infraspinatous fossa
• Spine of scapula (spina scapulæ)
  • crest of the spine
  • great scapular notch
• Acromion

Страница 204

• Borders
  • superior border
    • scapular notch

Страница 205

• Borders
  • axillary border
  • infraglenoid tuberosity

Страница 206

• Borders
  • vertebral border
• Angles
  • medial angle
  • inferior angle

Страница 207

• Angles
  • lateral angle
    • glenoid cavity
    • glenoidal labrum
    • supraglenoid tuberosity
• Coracoid process (processus coracoideus)

Страница 208

• Ossification of scapula

The humerus (Тема 51)

Страница 209

• Upper extremity of humerus
  • head of humerus (caput humeri)
  • surgical neck
  • Anatomical neck (collum anatomicum)
  • Greater tubercle (tuberculum majus; greater tuberosity)
  • Lesser tubercle (tuberculum minus; lesser tuberosity)
  • intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
  • crests of the greater and lesser tubercles (bicipital ridges)
• body of humerus or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)

Страница 211

• body of humerus or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)
  • radial sulcus (musculospiral groove)
  • lateral supracondylar ridge
  • crest of the lesser tubercle
  • medial supracondylar ridge
  • deltoid tuberosity
  • radial sulcus

Страница 212

• Lower extremity of humerus
  • articular surface
  • capitulum of the humerus
  • radial fossa
  • trochlea
  • coronoid fossa
  • olecranon fossa
  • supratrochlear foramen
  • lateral epicondyle
  • medial epicondyle

Страница 213

• Ossification of humerus

The ulna (Тема 52)

Страница 214

• Upper extremity of ulna (proximal extremity of ulna)
  • Olecranon (olecranon process)
  • Coronoid process (processus coronoideus)
  • tuberosity of the ulna
  • radial notch

Страница 215

• Upper extremity of ulna (proximal extremity of ulna)
  • Semilunar notch (incisura semilunaris; greater sigmoid cavity)
  • Radial notch (incisura radialis; lesser sigmoid cavity)
• Body of ulna or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)

Страница 218

• Body of ulna or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)
  • perpendicular line
  • medial surface (facies medialis; internal surface)
• Lower extremity (distal extremity)
  • head of ulna
  • styloid process

Страница 219

• ossification of ulna

The radius (Тема 53)

Страница 219

• Upper extremity of radius (proximal extremity)
  • head of radius
  • neck of radius
  • radial tuberosity
• Body of radius or Shaft of radius (corpus radii)
  • oblique line of the radius

Страница 220

• Lower extremity of radius
  • ulnar notch of the radius (sigmoid cavity)
  • styloid process
• Ossification of radius

The hand

The carpus (Тема 54)

Страница 221

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
  • Navicular bone (os naviculare manus; scaphoid bone)

Страница 224

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
  • Lunate bone (os lunatum; semilunar bone)
  • Triangular bone (os triquetum; cuneiform bone)

Страница 225

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
  • Pisiform bone (os pisiforme)
• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
  • Greater multangular bone (os multangulum majus; trapezium)
  • Lesser multangular bone (os multangulum minus; trapezoid bone)

Страница 226

• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
  • Capitate bone (os capitatum; os magnum)

Страница 227

• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
  • Hamate bone (os hamatum; unciform bone)
    • Hamulus of hamate bone

The metacarpus (Тема 55)

Страница 227

• metacarpus

Страница 228

• Metacarpal bones (Ossa metacarpalia I-V)
  • First metacarpal bone
  • Second metacarpal bone
  • Third metacarpal bone
  • Fourth metacarpal bone
  • Fifth metacarpal bone

The phalanges of the hand (Тема 56)

Страница 230

• phalanges (Phalanges digitorum manus)
• body
• proximal extremities
• distal extremities
• ungual phalanges
• Articulations

The bones of the lower extremity

The hip bone (Тема 57)

Страница 231

• Ossa Extremitatis Inferioris & Os Coxæ; Innominate bone
• hip bone
• acetabulum
• obturator foramen

Ilium

Страница 231

• Ilium (os ilii)
• arcuate line
• Body of ilium (corpus oss. ilii)

Страница 232

• Ala (ala oss. ilii)
  • External surface
    • dorsum ilii
    • posterior gluteal line (superior curved line)

Страница 233

• Ala (ala oss. ilii)
  • External surface
    • anterior gluteal line (middle curved line)
    • inferior gluteal line (inferior curved line)

Страница 234

• Ala (ala oss. ilii)
  • Internal surface of the ala
    • iliac fossa
    • arcuate line
    • anterior surface (auricular surface)
    • iliac tuberosity
    • preauricular sulcus
  • Crest of the ilium
  • Anterior border of the ala
    • anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine
    • anterior inferior iliac spine
    • iliopectineal eminence
  • Posterior border of the ala
    • posterior superior iliac spine
    • posterior inferior iliac spine
    • greater sciatic notch

Ischium

• Ischium (os ischii)
• body of ischium (corpus ossis ischii)

Страница 235

• body of ischium (corpus ossis ischii)
  • posterior obturator tubercle
  • ischial spine
  • greater sciatic notch
  • lesser sciatic notch
• Superior ramus (ramus superior ossis ischii; descending ramus)
  • tuberosity of the ischium
• Inferior ramus (ramus inferior ossis ischii; ascending ramus)

Pubis

Страница 236

• Pubis (os pubis)
• Body of pubis (corpus oss. pubis)
• Superior ramus (ramus superior oss. pubis; ascending ramus)
  • Medial portion of superior ramus
    • pubic tubercle (pubic spine)
    • subcutaneous inguinal ring (external abdominal ring)
    • inguinal ligament (Poupart's ligament)
    • inguinal falx (conjoined tendon of Obliquus internus and Transversus)
    • lacunar ligament (Gimbernat's ligament)
    • reflected inguinal ligament (triangular fascia)
    • pubic crest
  • Lateral portion of superior ramus
    • iliopectineal eminence
    • obturator crest

Страница 237

• Inferior ramus (ramus inferior oss. pubis; descending ramus)
• Acetabulum (cotyloid cavity)
  • glenoidal labrum (cotyloid ligament)
  • acetabular notch
  • acetabular fossa
  • lunate surface
• Obturator foramen (foramen obturatum; thyroid foramen)
  • obturator groove
  • posterior obturator tubercle
  • anterior obturator tubercle

The pelvis (Тема 58)

Страница 238

• bones comprising pelvis
  • left and right hip bones
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
• linea terminalis (pelvic brim)
• Greater pelvis or False pelvis (pelvis major)

Страница 239

• Lesser pelvis or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
  • Superior circumference
    • superior aperture or inlet
    • anteroposterior or conjugate diameter
    • transverse diameter
    • oblique diameter

Страница 240

• Lesser pelvis or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
  • Lower circumference
    • inferior aperture or outlet
    • pubic arch
    • sciatic notches
    • antero-posterior diameter
    • transverse diameter

Страница 241

• Pelvis: male and female, differences between:

The femur (Тема 59)

Страница 242

• Femur (Thigh bone)

Страница 243

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
  • Head of femur (caput femoris)
  • fovea capitis femoris
  • Neck of femur (collum femoris)

Страница 244

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
  • Trochanters
  • Greater trochanter (trochanter major; great trochanter)
    • trochanteric fossa (digital fossa)

Страница 245

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
  • Lesser trochanter (trochanter minor; small trochanter)
  • tubercle of the femur
  • intertrochanteric line (spiral line of the femur)

Страница 246

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
  • intertrochanteric crest
  • linea quadrata
• Body of femur or Shaft of femur (corpus femoris)
  • linea aspera
  • gluteal tuberosity
  • third trochanter
  • pectineal line
  • popliteal surface
  • adductor tubercle
  • medial lip
  • lateral lip

Страница 247

• Lower extremity of femur (distal extremity)
  • condyles
  • patellar surface
  • intercondyloid fossa
  • lateral condyle
  • medial condyle
  • intercondyloid line
  • medial epicondyle
  • lateral epicondyle

Страница 248

• Lower extremity of femur (distal extremity)
  • articular surface
  • patellar surface
  • tibial surfaces

Страница 255

• Ossification of femur

The patella (Тема 60)

Страница 255

• Patella (Knee cap)

The tibia (Тема 61)

Страница 256

• Tibia (Shin bone)
• Upper extremity of tibia (proximal extremity)
  • medial condyle and lateral condyle
  • superior articular surface
  • intercondyloid eminence (spine of tibia)
  • anterior surfaces
  • tuberosity of the tibia
  • posterior intercondyloid fossa

Страница 257

• Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
  • interosseous crest or lateral border

Страница 258

• Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
  • popliteal line

Страница 259

• Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
  • nutrient foramen
• Lower extremity of tibia
  • medial malleolus
  • inferior articular surface

Страница 260

• Lower extremity of tibia
  • malleolar sulcus
• Ossification of tibia

The fibula (Тема 62)

Страница 260

• Fibula (Calf bone)
• Upper extremity or Head of fibula (capitulum fibulœ; proximal extremity)
  • apex (styloid process)
• Body of fibula or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
  • antero-lateral border
  • antero-medial border, or interosseous crest

Страница 261

• Body of fibula or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
  • postero-lateral border
  • postero-medial border (oblique line)

Страница 262

• Lower extremity or Lateral malleolus (malleolus lateralis; distal extremity; external malleolus)
  • malleolar sulcus

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The foot

The tarsus (Тема 63)

Страница 263

• Tarsal bones (Ossa tarsi)
• Calcaneus (Os calcis)
  • Calcaneal sulcus

Страница 266

• Calcaneus (Os calcis)
  • Calcaneal tuberosity
  • Sustentaculum tali
  • Trochlear process of calcaneus
• Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)

Страница 267

• Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)
  • Corpus tali
  • sulcus tali
  • sinus tarsi

Страница 269

• Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)
  • Os trigonum
  • Collum tali
  • Caput tali
• Cuboid bone (Os cuboideum)
  • Tuberosity of cuboid

Страница 270

• Navicular bone of tarsus (Os naviculare pedis)
  • Tuberosity of navicular bone
• Cuneiform bones
  • First cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme primum)

Страница 271

• Cuneiform bones
  • Second cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme secundum)
  • Third cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme tertium)

The metatarsus (Тема 64)

Страница 272

• Metatarsus
• Metatarsal bones (Ossa metatarsalia)
• First metatarsal bone

Страница 273

• Second metatarsal bone

Страница 274

• Third metatarsal bone
• Fourth metatarsal bone
• Fifth metatarsal bone
  • Tuberosity: of fifth metatarsal bone

The phalanges of the foot (Тема 65)

Страница 275

• phalanges of the foot (Phalanges Digitorum Pedis)
• ungual phalanges

Comparison of the bones of the hand and foot (Тема 66)

Страница 276

• Comparison of bones of hand and foot

The sesamoid bones (Тема 67)

Страница 277

• Sesamoid bones (Ossa sesamoidea)

Вижте също

• Анатомията на Грей
• Списък на темите и фигурите в Анатомията на Грей
• Списък на фигурите в Анатомията на Грей: II. Остеология